• IPM Suite
• GAP
• Surface Network Design
• Optimisation
• Forecasting
• PVT
• Integrated Production Modelling
• CO2 Sequestration
• PROSPER
• MBAL
• PVTP
• RESOLVE
• REVEAL
• OpenServer
• IFM Suite

CO2 Sequestration

There are three areas where CO2 injection is becoming important.

• Re-injection of produced CO2; and
• In the emerging market of Carbon Capture- CO2 Sequestration
• The capture of CO2, say from a power station and injecting the CO2 into a depleted oil and gas reservoirs, where there is requirement to have some assurance that the reservoir can contain the CO2 for hundreds of years.
• EOR

It has been common for years that the IPM tools are used to model the production systems where the oil field is producing a high percentage of CO2. The aim has been to limit CO2 production to what the facilities can handle while maximising the oil. GAP optimises the production while constraining the CO2 within a defined limit by controlling individual well or layer production.

Today, the drive is to dispose of the CO2.

Petroleum Experts have been involved with these types of projects and we have gained some understanding of the important physics that needs to be modelled to represent the whole system: reservoir, wells and production and injection systems.

Considerations in Setting Up a CO2 (Dense Phase) Injection Model:

It is recommended that an integrated model is used to capture the dynamic and complex interactions between reservoir, well and surface levels. In a fully integrated model, the following elements need to be dynamically linked:

• The surface network behaviour (i.e. CO2 injection surface network, but also potential production network) are modelled and optimised using GAP
• PROSPER is used to model the wells, as described in more detail below
• A numerical reservoir simulation tool is used to model the reservoir behaviour.
• These elements are dynamically coupled using RESOLVE.

Such a model enables the engineer to understand the behaviour of the entire production / injection system as well as running sensitivities on the model setup, using the GAP optimiser to improve production and respect the potential production constraints as well as comparing different scenarios: pure vs. contaminated CO2, variable injection volumes, etc...